Some observers have criticized DOD’s PPBE process-particularly its assumptions about program timelines and development-as reflecting an “industrial-era” approach and oriented toward large capital expenditures, such as aircraft carriers and strategic bombers. During the execution phase, officials implement funded programs and adjust resources, if necessary, typically through transfer and reprogramming actions that require congressional notification or prior approval. During the budgeting phase, the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) reviews components’ Budget Estimate Submissions and prepares the information for the annual budget request submitted to Congress.

During the programming phase, the Director of Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation reviews each component’s five-year projections for forces, personnel, and funding known as Program Objective Memorandums, which are incorporated into a database called the Future Years Defense Program. During the planning phase, the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy prepares force development priorities in Defense Planning Guidance. The Deputy Secretary of Defense manages the overall process.

In subsequent decades, the process evolved within DOD, though its logic and major elements have remained generally intact. Prior to the adoption of this system, the military departments had greater autonomy in formulating budgets. In 1961, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara introduced the Planning, Programming, and Budgeting System, or PPBS, in part to exert more control over DOD’s budget formulation process. The PPBE process dates to the Kennedy Administration. military is fielding commercially driven advances in software and other emerging technologies-such as hypersonic weapons, artificial intelligence, and 5G mobile technologies-relative to China and other strategic competitors. In FY2022, Congress created a commission to study the effectiveness of the process in view of concerns over the pace at which the U.S. The process serves as a framework forĭOD civilian and military leaders to decide which programs to fund based on strategic objectives and produces the department’s portion of the President’s annual budget request. (PPBE) system is a strategic planning process for allocating resources among the military departments, defense agencies, and other components. Department of Defense (DOD) Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution

JExecution (PPBE): Overview and Selected Brendan W. DOD Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and

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